Which of the following pests can be managed through integrated pest management?

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a holistic approach that focuses on the management of multiple types of pests rather than relying solely on one method or targeting one category of pests. The essence of IPM is to combine biological, cultural, physical, and chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health, and environmental risks.

By addressing weeds, insects, and diseases, IPM recognizes that these pests can interact and affect one another, as well as impact the overall health of ornamental and turf plants. For example, disease issues may be exacerbated by insect damage, and weed pressure can impact plants' growth, making them more susceptible to disease. Effective management involves understanding these interactions and applying a well-rounded strategy that can include monitoring pest populations, identifying pest thresholds, employing resistant plant varieties, rotating crops, using good cultural practices, and, when necessary, applying chemical controls judiciously.

This comprehensive approach enables practitioners to maintain plant health and manage pest populations more sustainably over the long term, making the choice to include all three categories of pests central to effective IPM.